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Consensus Development Conference Statement May 21-23, 1990
This statement is more than five years old and is provided solely for historical purposes. Due to the cumulative nature of medical research, new knowledge has inevitably accumulated in this subject area in the time since the statement was initially prepared. Thus some of the material is likely to be out of date, and at worst simply wrong. For reliable, current information on this and other health topics, we recommend consulting the National Institutes of Health's MedlinePlus http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. This statement was originally published as: Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Prevention and Treatment of Disease. NIH Consens Statement 1990 May 21-23;8(5):1-23. For making bibliographic reference to the statement in the electronic form displayed here, it is recommended that the following format be used: Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Prevention and Treatment of Disease. NIH Consens Statement Online 1990 May 21-23 [cited year month day];8(5):1-23.AbstractThe National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Prevention and Treatment of Disease brought together biomedical scientists in immunology, infectious disease, and pediatrics, as well as health care providers, patients and their families, and the public to address the safe and effective uses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations. Following 1 1/2 days of presentations by experts and discussion by the audience, a consensus panel weighed the evidence and prepared a consensus statement. Among their findings, the panel concluded that all currently available IVIG preparations are safe and effective in treating the conditions for which they have been licensed; however, their efficacy in treating other conditions remains to be established. Effective regimens have been developed for primary immunodeficiencies and secondary immunodeficiencies, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and Kawasaki syndrome. However, optimal dosages and treatment schedules still need to be established for patients who may benefit from IVIG therapy. The panel also concluded that the risks of IVIG therapy are minimal, and adverse events, which are rare, can often be alleviated by reducing the rate or volume of infusion. Future research is also important, particularly studies to discern the mechanisms of action of IVIG, to compare the effectiveness of IVIG preparations, and to determine their long-term effectiveness and their effect on quality of life for patients receiving IVIG. The full text of the consensus panel's statement follows. IntroductionImmunoglobulins are proteins produced by cells of the B lymphocyte lineage that are the major effector molecules of the humoral immune system. Immunoglobulin molecules are antibodies that react with specific antigens, although in many circumstances, the specificity of a given immunoglobulin antibody is unknown. Immunoglobulin preparations from human blood were first used in clinical medicine in 1952 to treat immune deficiency conditions. At that time, the only available preparations required intramuscular administration. In the past decade, several immunoglobulin preparations for intravenous administration have become available. Although initially used for immune deficiency states, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has also been utilized as a prophylactic and therapeutic reagent in a variety of other conditions. The use of IVIG has undergone tremendous growth in the past several years. This rapid growth in use is the result of improvements in the preparations of IVIG, which have led to reduced morbidity and reports of its benefits in a number of unexpected circumstances. IVIG has been used in such diverse diseases as primary immunodeficiencies, pediatric AIDS, infections in low birth weight infants, bone marrow transplantation, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Kawasaki syndrome, and demyelinating polyneuropathies. However, important questions regarding its use still remain. To assess the usefulness of IVIG in diseases where substantive data existed, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Office of Medical Applications of Research of the National Institutes of Health convened a Consensus Development Conference on Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Prevention and Treatment of Disease on May 21-23, 1990. Cosponsors were the National Cancer Institute, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and the Food and Drug Administration. In the various disease states in which IVIG has been used, the following questions were considered:
After a day and a half of presentations by
experts in the field and discussion by the audience, a consensus panel
drawn from specialists and generalists from the medical profession and
related scientific disciplines, clinical investigators, and public
representatives considered the evidence and came to the conclusions on the
following pages. What Are the Data To Support the Efficacy of IVIG in These Circumstances?Primary ImmunodeficienciesThe beneficial effects of intramuscular (IM) injection of immune globulin (IG) in the prophylactic treatment of patients with primary immunodeficiency syndromes have been well established. Early studies based on small sample sizes have indicated that almost any desired blood level of IgG can be obtained by use of intravenous immunoglobulin and that infection rates are reduced by use of IVIG as compared with IM IG. IVIG has been shown to ameliorate chronic sinopulmonary disease that developed in patients on long-term IM IG. There is a suggestion that chronic enterovirus meningoencephalitis in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia may be less frequent in those receiving prophylactic IVIG as compared with historical data in which IM IG was used. Hence, IVIG has become the current standard in clinical practice for replacement therapy of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (e.g., X-linked agammaglobulinemia and common variable immunodeficiency and immunoglobulin subclass deficiency in which deficiencies of antibody production to common pathogens can be demonstrated). Studies have shown that maintenance of a trough level of 500 mg/dL is beneficial. Dose ranges of 200-800 mg/kg/mo have been shown to be effective, but dose or frequency of infusions must be tailored to the individual patient, because half life of infused IVIG varies widely. Pediatric AIDSBecause AIDS is an acquired immunodeficiency, it is reasonable to consider the use of IVIG therapy in pediatric patients with HIV infection, given the success of IVIG in primary immunodeficiencies. To date, small, uncontrolled studies have suggested the efficacy of IVIG in pediatric AIDS by decreasing the morbidity from common bacterial pathogens, as well as measles, but no controlled studies have been completed. Currently, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring two large, controlled trials of IVIG with and without zidovudine (AZT) in HIV-infected children. A definitive assessment of the efficacy of IVIG in pediatric HIV infection awaits the results of these trials. Infections in Low Birth Weight InfantsPrevention of infection in low birth weight infantsPremature infants have insufficient placental transfer of maternal IgG and have been demonstrated to have low levels of serum IgG. Hence, it is reasonable to consider IVIG prophylaxis in premature infants. Some pilot studies indicated a lower rate of severe infection in IVIG-treated low birth weight infants compared with placebo-treated patients. In a recently completed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving a large number of infants with birth weights of 500-1500 grams, it was noted that mortality was not significantly reduced among IVIG recipients. However, the number of infections was significantly reduced among IVIG recipients. It should be noted that there was some evidence that beneficial effect may vary by birth weight category, and significantly more placebo patients were small for gestational age. Information about long-term results (greater than 56 days) is not available from this trial. Moreover, preliminary analysis of other trials indicates no significant difference in infection rates between IVIG recipients and placebo recipients. However, differences in study design make direct comparison of the various trials difficult. Further information will become available as a result of the ongoing trial sponsored by the NICHD Neonatal Research Network. At this time, IVIG cannot be recommended as standard prophylaxis of low birth weight infants. Treatment of presumed neonatal infectionTo date, small trials using primarily historical controls have yielded mixed results. Questions remain concerning dose, schedule, and patient selection. Variability in preparations and lots creates a number of difficulties in predicting results of treatment for specific organisms. There is a potential role for directed preparations containing specific antibodies. Furthermore, studies in neonatal animals have shown that in some situations survival is less with high concentrations of IVIG plus antibiotic compared with antibiotic alone. The routine use of IVIG as adjuvant therapy of neonatal infections cannot be recommended at the present time. Bone Marrow TransplantationIn a large study of bone marrow transplant recipients, reduced rates of septicemia and local infection were noted for IVIG-treated patients (500 mg/kg weekly) compared with untreated controls. Several studies have shown a decreased rate of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) in patients receiving IVIG, 500 milligrams to 1 gram per kilogram weekly. Results of limited trials suggest that in pediatric bone marrow recipients, reduction in infection and death but not GVHD has been associated with IVIG administration. It has been noted that IVIG decreases the incidence of interstitial (presumably CMV) pneumonia but is ineffective in preventing CMV infections. IVIG plus ganciclovir is beneficial in treating CMV pneumonia in patients who are not ventilator dependent. Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaA study in 10 centers in which 57 patients with CLL were followed for 1 year of observation has been completed. The incidence of major and moderate bacterial infections was significantly reduced in hypogammaglobulinemic CLL patients who received IVIG. The number of trivial infections was unchanged by intravenous immunoglobulin. Maintenance of serum IgG levels > 640 mg/dL tended to correlate with fewer infections, especially serious bacterial infections. The data support the conclusion that IVIG may be useful to prevent serious infections in patients with CLL with hypogammaglobulinemia. Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic PurpuraAmong children with ITP, the use of IVIG has been documented to increase platelet counts. This treatment is utilized in the rare pediatric patient with potentially life-threatening bleeding (e.g., 400 mg/kg/d x2-5 or 1 g/kg/d x1 or 2). A number of therapeutic options are available for managing the child with newly diagnosed ITP who does not have serious hemorrhage: IVIG, corticosteroids, or close observation without therapy. IVIG has been used in chronic ITP to postpone the requirement for a splenectomy. There is no firm evidence of curative effects in either acute or chronic ITP. Responses appear to be similar with different manufacturers' products licensed for this purpose. In adult patients with ITP, IVIG, at the doses indicated above, has also been used for the rapid correction of life-threatening thrombocytopenia, with or without corticosteroids. Administration every 10 to 21 days is usually required to maintain adequate platelet counts. Other indications include administration to steroid-refractory patients preoperatively. In addition, IVIG may be employed at the same dosage in patients who cannot use corticosteroids and in patients with immunodeficiency including those with HIV-associated thrombocytopenia. Although IVIG administration before scheduled splenectomy is effective, cost/benefit relationships are unclear because of the low incidence of complications during this procedure, even with extremely low platelet counts. Kawasaki SyndromeStudies of IVIG in Kawasaki syndrome using 400 mg/kg daily for 4 days indicate a prompt anti-inflammatory response in the acute phase and a significant decrease in the formation of coronary aneurysms compared with low/moderate aspirin administration regimens. More recently, a dosage schedule of 2 g/kg as a single administration has been shown to be at least as effective as the four-dose schedule. Complications of the larger single-dose administration were few. A smaller study using 1 g/kg as a single dose also seemed to suggest similar efficacy to the four-dose regimen. IVIG and aspirin administration has become a standard treatment for Kawasaki syndrome. The panel agrees that on the basis of available studies, IVIG administered as a single dose of 2 g/kg is effective therapy for patients who fulfill the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki syndrome. Treatment of patients recognized after the tenth day of the disease has not been studied systematically. The advantages of treating patients with Kawasaki syndrome with IVIG as early as possible must be balanced against the probability that children with other inflammatory diseases will also be treated inadvertently. There is no evidence that this latter group of children will be benefitted. Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating PolyneuropathiesSeveral small studies have shown positive responses to IVIG in the majority of treated patients. Treatment needs to be periodically repeated to prevent relapse. When considered in comparison with customary treatments, IVIG may be easier to use and associated with fewer complications than repeated therapeutic plasma exchange and long-term glucocorticoids, respectively. Guillain-Barr� SyndromeIn a preliminary analysis of a large, randomized multicenter trial of IVIG compared with therapeutic plasma exchange, there is an indication of improved functional recovery for patients receiving IVIG. Definitive conclusions regarding the efficacy of IVIG in Guillain-Barr� syndrome will need to await the final analysis of this study and other confirmatory studies. Intractable Seizure DisordersA number of uncontrolled studies and
anecdotal reports have indicated benefit of IVIG administration in
children with intractable seizures. The absence of randomized,
double-blind studies does not allow specific recommendations to be made
regarding such treatment. The panel emphasizes the need for controlled
human studies in this area. What Are the Appropriate Dosage and Treatment Schedules?Effective doses of IVIG have been
demonstrated in primary immunodeficiencies, ITP, and Kawasaki syndrome.
Whether alterations in amount, frequency, or duration of administration
will improve efficacy is not known. Specific details of dosage regimens
are discussed in detail in the response to the previous question. What Are the Risks Involved in the Use of IVIG?The incidence of adverse events associated with the administration of IVIG is reported by the manufacturers to be in the range of 1 to 15 percent, usually less than 5 percent. Most of these reactions are mild and self-limited. Severe reactions occur very infrequently and usually do not contraindicate further IVIG therapy. Neither HIV nor hepatitis B infection has been transmitted to recipients of products currently licensed in the U.S. The various IVIGs are manufactured from large numbers of donors whose plasma has been tested and found to be negative for hepatitis B surface antigen and HIV antibody. A number of adverse events have been recognized. These include the following:
Risk factorsPatients with primary antibody deficiency syndromes may be at increased risk for reactions. Anaphylactic reactions induced by anti-IgA can occur in individuals who have a total absence of circulating IgA and antibodies to IgA. These are extremely rare in panhypogammaglobulinemic individuals and potentially more frequent in patients with subclass deficiencies. Frequency of reactions may be correlated with volume and/or rate of infusion. Seriously ill patients with compromised cardiac function may be at increased risk of vasomotor or cardiac complications manifested by elevated blood pressure and/or cardiac failure. Prevention and ManagementAdverse reactions often can be alleviated by reducing the rate or the volume of infusion. For patients with repeated severe reactions unresponsive to these measures, hydrocortisone, 1-2 mg/kg, intravenously, can be given 30 minutes before IVIG infusion. In those rare instances when reactions related to anti-IgA antibodies have occurred, use of IgA-depleted preparations will reduce the likelihood of further reactions. Avoidance of anaphylactic reactions may require the use of material completely devoid of IgA. Because the combination of the absence of IgA and the presence of anti-IgA antibodies is infrequent and reactions are rare, screening for IgA-deficiency is not routinely recommended for potential recipients of IVIG. As with any biologic or pharmacological product, the potential for new or previously unrecognized adverse events should be anticipated. With IVIG these include the following:
After nearly a decade of experience, the
safety of IVIG has been established. For any potential recipient, the
small risk of adverse reactions must be weighed against the likelihood of
significant benefit. For those patients who require repeated courses of
IVIG such as those with a primary humoral immunodeficiency home infusion
by the patient or a family member after adequate training has been
effectively utilized and is cost-effective. What Are the Mechanisms of Action?At the present time, we assume that all effects of IVIG are related to the quantity and quality of IgG in the product. Various mechanisms may be important in the different therapeutic uses of IVIG, including (1) replacement therapy for primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, (2) specific passive immunotherapy, and (3) management of specific inflammatory and/or immunologic disorders. Efficacy of IVIG infusions in primary immunodeficiency diseases is probably related to replacement of antibodies to environmental pathogens. Despite variations in the titer of specific antibodies, all licensed preparations are apparently efficacious in the treatment of these diseases. In addition, pooled antibodies may have physiologic activities other than pathogen recognition that may contribute to the beneficial effects of replacement therapy. The effectiveness and the mechanism of action of IVIG in secondary immunodeficiencies such as indolent lymphomas is presumed to be similar to that in primary immunodeficiencies. In these diseases, a reasonable correlation between rates of systemic infection and concentrations of serum immunoglobulins supports this presumption. The benefit of prophylactic replacement of IgG in very low birth weight infants is not established. Attempts to replace antibodies may be rational in this situation. However, it is possible that administration of immunoglobulin from large donor pools could adversely affect the development of the infant's immune system, as there is substantial evidence in mice that anti-idiotypic antibodies may profoundly affect immune responsiveness. For conditions such as bone marrow transplantation and pediatric HIV infection, the complexity of immunologic abnormalities will make determination of mechanisms extremely difficult. IVIG is also being used for specific passive immunotherapy. In these instances, the titers of specific antibodies are of paramount importance. Moreover, consideration must be given to the possibility that large amounts of apparently irrelevant antibodies may block receptors on the surface of phagocytes and thus interfere with effective disposal of microbial pathogens. In the treatment of ITP, there may be multiple mechanisms of IVIG action. The platelet count increase occurring within several days of the initiation of therapy appears to be caused by diminished sequestration of autoantibody-sensitized platelets. This may be caused by interference with Fc receptors on the cells of the monocyte-macrophage system. A similar mechanism may operate in other autoimmune and alloimmune cytopenias. Sustained responses to IVIG may represent spontaneous remissions or may be related to an immunosuppressive effect of IVIG. There are several possible mechanisms by which the infusion of large concentrations of immunoglobulins may have an immunosuppressive effect. The presence of IgG dimers in immunoglobulin preparations, a result of pooling samples from a large number of individual donors, likely represents the occurrence of idiotype-anti-idiotype complexes. There is evidence that anti-idiotype antibodies in IVIG react with epitopes on the autoantibodies in patients with thyroiditis or spontaneous factor VIII inhibitors. Alterations of T-cell subsets and of in vitro B cell function, both spontaneous and mitogen driven, have been reported in patients treated with IVIG. It is unknown if these observations are related to a mechanism of therapeutic effect. A striking anti-inflammatory effect of IVIG has been observed. This phenomenon is most apparent in Kawasaki syndrome, where reductions in fever, neutrophil counts, and acute phase reactants regularly occur within a day or so of initiation of treatment. This effect is not unique to Kawasaki syndrome but has been seen in other inflammatory disorders. The mechanisms are unknown but may be distinct from those that mediate immunosuppression. One possible mechanism demonstrated in experimental animals is the inhibition of complement-dependent tissue damage caused by binding of IVIG to active C3 fragments. There is a great need for an understanding
of the mechanisms of IVIG in the various conditions in which it is used. A
variety of mechanisms have been suggested but none proven. Mechanistic
hypotheses such as the provision of anti-idiotype antibodies, Fc receptor
blockade, and alteration of reticuloendothelial cell system function
should be rigorously tested. Utilization of appropriate animal models
would provide an efficient way to test these hypotheses. Are all IVIG Preparations Equally Efficacious?Seven IVIG preparations have been licensed in the U.S.: all seven for use in primary immunodeficiencies, five for idiopathic thrombocytopenia, and one for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. For these disease groups, the limited comparative data available reveal no differences in efficacy among the licensed preparations. For the other uses of IVIG, there is insufficient information to choose one product over another or to know whether each has comparable activity. Given the large number of conditions for which IVIG may have potential value, the prescribing physician should be aware of the demonstrated efficacy of each IVIG preparation to treat a specific disorder. The products and their quality are under the control of commercial firms who must meet general regulatory guidelines of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research of the Food and Drug Administration. These include tests for sterility, pyrogenicity, purity, and safety. It is required also to measure antibody levels against polio, measles, hepatitis B, and diphtheria. At the present time, there is no requirement to identify hepatitis C virus in IVIG preparations. Epidemiologic data support the quality and safety of current products. However, guidelines and monitoring methods must be developed as information about transmission of hepatitis C virus and other infectious diseases becomes better defined. Consideration should be given to screening donors for hepatitis C. Confidence in the capacity of a given
preparation to accomplish the desired end result would be enhanced if a
more rigorous procedure were established for using IVIG to prevent or
treat infections caused by specific microorganisms. The availability of
antibody titers to a wider range of pathogens would permit a more rational
basis for the choice of a specific product in situations where
immunotherapy is directed to a restricted number of infectious agents.
Because the factor essential for the effectiveness of IVIG in a number of
disorders, such as ITP and Kawasaki syndrome, is unknown, it is not
possible to predict efficacy of a given preparation of IVIG for any of
these disease processes. What Are the Directions for Future Research?The effects of IVIG in the various disease states can probably be accounted for by the presence of one or more specific antibodies. These may be directed against microbial pathogens or their toxins, common idiotypes, cellular components, receptors, or regulatory proteins. The need for massive doses of IVIG to achieve therapeutic effects suggests that many of these antibodies are present at very small concentrations in immunoglobulin pools. One of the major directions of future research therefore should be to identify and isolate these particular antibodies or prepare supplementary monoclonal antibodies so that more specific therapeutic interventions can be designed.
In answer to the question, "What are the data to support the efficacy of IVIG in various clinical circumstances?" the consensus panel concludes the following:
In response to the question, "What are the appropriate dosage and treatment schedules?" the consensus panel concludes that in most circumstances this has not been established. For primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, ITP, and Kawasaki syndrome, effective regimens have been developed, but there is no evidence about whether these schedules are optimal. In response to the question, "Are all IVIG preparations equally efficacious?" the consensus panel concludes that the preparations are efficacious for the indications for which each has been licensed. Although it is possible that they can be used for other conditions interchangeably, the comparability of the various preparations of IVIG for these purposes has not been documented. In response to the question, "What are
the risks involved in the use of IVIG?" the consensus panel concludes
that they are minimal. However, appropriate means to monitor IVIG for
contamination with potential pathogens should be developed. In response to
the question, "What are the mechanisms of action of IVIG?" the
panel concludes that in most circumstances present hypotheses are
speculative and not proven. In response to the question, "What are
the directions of future research?" the panel concludes information
concerning mechanism of action is critically needed. Deriving information
concerning mechanisms of action or other potential uses of IVIG from
clinical experiments and trials is costly and inefficient. Without
knowledge concerning anticipated objective physiologic end points, trials
to establish effective therapeutic regimens are empiric and new
initiatives largely exercises in serendipity. Consensus Development Panel
Conference and Panel Chairperson Professor Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology Director Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas
Executive Vice President for Medical Affairs Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Bethesda, Maryland
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
Professor Department of Pediatrics Division of Infectious Diseases University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles, California
Clinical Professor of Medicine George Washington University School of Medicine Private Practice of Allergy Washington Allergy Associates PC Washington, D.C.
Professor Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Pediatrics University of Minnesota Medical School and Hospital Minneapolis, Minnesota
Professor of Medicine Department of Cell Biology University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, Florida
Professor of Pediatrics Director Division of Pediatric Cardiology College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center Baby's Hospital New York, New York
Professor of Pediatrics Associate Professor of Obstetrics Associate Professor of Anesthesiology/Critical Care Medicine Department of Pediatrics The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, Tennessee
Professor of Pediatrics Brown University Director Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Rhode Island Hospital Providence, Rhode Island
Professor and Chairman Department of Neurology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
Chairman Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, Ohio Speakers
"Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Low Birth Weight Infants: Prevention" Professor Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas
"Treatment of Kawasaki Syndrome: A Comparison of Two Dosage Regimens of Intravenous Immune Globulin" Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas
"Outline of the Use of IVIG in Immune Cytopenias" Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics The New York Hospital New York, New York
"Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy Prevents Bacterial Infection in Patients With Secondary Hypogammaglobulinemia Due to Low-Grade B Cell Tumors" Consultant Immunologist Department of Immunology The John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford ENGLAND
"Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Development as a Therapy and Unresolved Issues" Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics and Medicine Mt. Sinai Medical Center New York, New York
"Preterm Infants: Intravenous Immunoglobulin to Prevent Nosocomial Infection" Professor of Pediatrics Director of Neonatology Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital Cleveland, Ohio
"Kawasaki Syndrome: An Overview" Chairman and J.S. Abercrombie Professor Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Texas Medical Center Houston, Texas
"Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin During the Treatment of Infection in Low Birth Weight Infants" Director Pediatric Infectious Diseases Program Professor Department of Pediatrics Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, Maryland
"Dosing Regimens for Replacement Therapy in Primary/Secondary Antibody Deficiency" Chairman Department of Pediatrics Professor Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Denver, Colorado
"Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura" Department of Medicine University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, Florida
"The Role of IVIG in the Treatment of Bacterial Infection in Low Birth Weight Infants" Head Division of Clinical Immunology Professor Department of Pathology and Pediatrics University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City, Utah
"The Role of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Bone Marrow Transplantation" Associate Professor of Medicine St. Joseph Hospital/Cancer Center Orange, California
"Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) in Children" Central Laboratory SRC and Children's Hospital University of Bern Blood Transfusion Service Bern SWITZERLAND
"The Use of Intravenous Gamma Globulin in Treating Adult ITP" Associate Professor Department of Medicine Duke Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
"Use of IVIG in Kawasaki Syndrome" Associate Professor of Pediatrics Associate in Cardiology Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
"Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) in Primary Immunodeficiencies" Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle, Washington
"Historical Approach of the Use of IVIG in Pediatric AIDS" Professor Department of Pediatrics Director Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Disease University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Newark, New Jersey
"Overview of Issues" Director Center for Blood Research Boston, Massachusetts
"Review of Clinical Trials in the Literature" Professor of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas
"Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients" Associate Professor of Medicine Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington Seattle, Washington
"Intravenous Immunoglobulins: Past, Present, and Future" Chief Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Division of Blood and Blood Products Food and Drug Administration Bethesda, Maryland
"Childhood Recurrent Seizures" Head of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics University of Brescia Brescia ITALY
"The Effect of High-Dose Immunoglobulins in Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy" Department of Neurology Academic Hospital Rotterdam THE NETHERLANDS
"NICHD Clinical Trial of IVIG in HIV Infection in Children" Chief Pediatric, Adolescent and Maternal AIDS Branch National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Planning Committee
Planning Committee Chairperson Acting Deputy Director Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Chief Neuromuscular Diseases Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Program Analyst Office of Medical Applications of Research National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Chairman and J.S. Abercrombie Professor Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas
Director Office of Medical Applications of Research National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Associate Director for Science Division of Blood and Blood Products Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Food and Drug Administration Bethesda, Maryland
Chairman Department of Pediatrics National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine Denver, Colorado
Director of Communications Office of Medical Applications of Research National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Acting Chief Respiratory Diseases Branch National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Chief Office of Science Policy and Analysis National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Conference and Panel Chairperson Professor Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Research Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas
Special Assistant for Clinical Hematology Division of Blood Diseases and Resources National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Conference Coordinator Prospect Associates Rockville, Maryland
Chief Immunophysiology Section Division of Cancer Biology National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Director Office of Communications National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Conference Coordinator Prospect Associates Rockville, Maryland
Clinical Trials Administrator Cardiac Diseases Branch National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Public Affairs Specialist National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland
Director Center for Research for Mothers and Children National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Conference Sponsors
Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. Director
John H. Ferguson, M.D. Director
Samuel Broder, M.D. Director
Claude Lenfant, M.D. Director
Duane F. Alexander, M.D. Director
Murray Goldstein, M.D. Director
James Benson Acting Commissioner Supplemental Information for NIH Consensus Statement on Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Prevention and Treatment of DiseaseSince the NIH Consensus Statement on Intravenous Immunoglobulin: Prevention and Treatment of Disease was issued, additional information has become available that supplements the original statement. This supplemental information may be obtained from the following source:
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